Anti-Snake Venom Properties of Medicinal Plants
A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e191124Keywords:
Snake Bite, Anti-snake venom, Medicinal plants, Poisoning, VenomousAbstract
Snakebite is one of the major health issues posing considerable morbidity and mortality. According to an estimate of World Health Organization (WHO) (World health organization, 2021) approximately 5 million people are bitten by several species of snakes resulting in up to 2.5 million envenomation cases annually. The mainstay of treatment for envenomation is intravenous administration of anti-snake venom. Although antivenom neutralizes the systemic effects but it does not relieve the symptoms such as venom-induced hemorrhage, necrosis and nephrotoxicity. Moreover, the use of antivenoms is associated with hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, anaphylaxis, or serum sickness due to their heterologous property. Furthermore, stringent storage conditions and narrow specificity of antivenoms limit their use in both developed as well as developing countries. In this context, researchers have been searching for natural products and plant extracts to explore their antivenom activity along with anti-myotoxic, anti-hemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory properties. Plant remedies may prove to be an effective alternate for antivenom sera with less adverse events and better tolerability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of medicinal plants possessing anti-snake venom activities against certain species of snakes. The current review highlights the investigated plants with their phytochemical analysis to integrate the available information for future research and development of antivenom sera.
Downloads
References
Abe Y, Shimoyama Y, Munakata H, Ito J, Nagata N, Ohtsuki K. Characterization of an apoptosis-inducing factor in Habu snake venom as a glycyrrhizin (GL)-binding protein potently inhibited by GL in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 1998;21(9):924-7.
Ahmad VU, Abbasi MA, Hussain H, Akhtar MN, Farooq U, Fatima N et al. Phenolic glycosides from Symplocos racemosa: natural inhibitors of phosphodiesterase I. Phytochemistry. 2003;63(2):217-20.
Ahmad VU, Abbasi MA, Zubair M, Fatima N, Farooq U, Choudhary MI. Phosphodiesterase‐Inhibiting Glycosides from Symplocos racemosa. Helv Chim Acta. 2004;87(1):67-72.
Akshatha KN, Murthy SM, Lakshmidevi N. Ethnomedical uses of Madhuca longifolia: A review. Int J Life Sci Pharm Res. 2013;3(1):44-53.
Alam MI, Gomes A. Snake venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plants (Vitex negundo and Emblica officinalis) root extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;86(1):75-80.
Alirol E, Sharma SK, Bawaskar HS, Kuch U, Chappuis F. Snake bite in South Asia: a review. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(1):e603.
Alagesaboopathi C. Ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of snake bites by Malayali tribal’s and rural people in Salem district, Tamilnadu, India. Int J Biosci. 2013;3(2):42-53.
Alves NT, Ximenes RM, Jorge RJ, Silveira JA, Santos JV, Rodrigues FA et al. Anti-ophidian activity of Bredemeyera floribunda Willd. (Polygalaceae) root extract on the local effects induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2019;52(1).
Ameen SA, Salihu T, Mbaoji CO, Anoruo-Dibia CA, Adedokun RM. Medicinal plants used to treat Snake bite by Fulani Herdsmen in Taraba State, Nigeria. Anim Sci. 2015;11(1-2):10-21.
Asad MH, Murtaza G, Siraj S, Khan SA, Azhar S, Sik M et al. Enlisting the scientifically unnoticed medicinal plants of Pakistan as a source of novel therapeutic agents showing anti-venom activity. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(20):2292-305.
Asad MH, Sabih DE, Chaudhory BA, Ahmad I, Hussain MS, Izhar N et al. Anti-hemolytic property of local medicinal plant (s) upon Pakistani cobra venom induced hemolysis. J Anim Plant Sci. 2014;24:1701-8.
Assafim M, Ferreira MS, Frattani FS, Guimarães JA, Monteiro RQ, Zingali RB. Counteracting effect of glycyrrhizin on the hemostatic abnormalities induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;148(6):807-13.
Batina FM, Cintra AC, Veronese EL, Lavrador MA, Giglio JR, Pereira PS et al. Inhibition of the lethal and myotoxic activities of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom by Tabernaemontana catharinensis: identification of one of the active components. Planta Medica. 2000;66(5):424-428.
Bawaskar HS. Snake venoms and antivenoms: critical supply issues. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;52:11-13.
Bernard P, Scior T, Didier B, Hibert M, Berthon JY. Ethnopharmacology and bioinformatic combination for leads discovery: application to phospholipase A2 inhibitors. Phytochemistry. 2001;58(6):865-74.
Bhat MK, Gowda TV. Purification and characterization of a myotoxic phospholipase A2 from Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom. Toxicon. 1989;27(8):861-73.
Bhattacharjee P, Bhattacharyya D. Characterization of the aqueous extract of the root of Aristolochia indica: evaluation of its traditional use as an antidote for snake bites. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;145(1):220-6.
Bhusnar HU, Nagore DH, Nipanikar SU. Phytopharmacological Profile of Symplocos racemosa: A review. Pharmacologia. 2014;5(2):76-83.
Borges MH, Alves DL, Raslan DS, Piló-Veloso D, Rodrigues VM, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, De Lima ME. Neutralizing properties of Musa paradisiaca L.(Musaceae) juice on phospholipase A2, myotoxic, hemorrhagic and lethal activities of crotalidae venoms. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98(1-2):21-29.
Butt MA, Ahmad M, Fatima A, Sultana S, Zafar M, Yaseen G et al. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of snake and scorpion bite in Northern Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;168:164-181.
Chatterjee I., Chakravarty AK, Gomes, A. Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed extract of Strychnos nux vomica Linn. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004;42(5):468-475.
Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK, Gomes A. Daboia russellii and Naja kaouthia venom neutralization by lupeol acetate isolated from the root extract of Indian sarsaparilla Hemidesmus indicus R. Br J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(1):38-43.
Chaves F, Chacón M, Badilla B, Arévalo C. Effect of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae) aqueous extract on antibody response to Bothrops asper venom and immune cell response. Rev Biol Trop. 2007;55(1):113-9.
Chethankumar M, Srinivas L. New biological activity against phospholipase A2 by Turmerin, a protein from Curcuma longa L. Biol Chem. 2008;389(3):299-303.
Choudhury SN, Konwar B, Kaur S, Doley R, Mondal B. Study on snake venom protein-antibody interaction by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Photonic Sensors. 2018;8(3):193-202.
Da Silva AJ, Coelho AL, Simas AB, Moraes RA, Pinheiro DA, Fernandes FF et al. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of prenylated and benzylated pterocarpans against snake venom. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004;14(2):431-5.
Daduang S, Sattayasai N, Sattayasai J, Tophrom P, Thammathaworn A, Chaveerach A, Konkchaiyaphum M. Screening of plants containing Naja naja siamensis cobra venom inhibitory activity using modified ELISA technique. Anal Biochem. 2005;341(2):316-25.
De Moura VM, da Silva WC, Raposo JD, Freitas-de-Sousa LA, Dos-Santos MC et al. The inhibitory potential of the condensed-tannin-rich fraction of Plathymenia reticulata Benth.(Fabaceae) against Bothrops atrox envenomation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;183:136-42.
De Moura VM, de Souza LY, da Costa Guimarães N, dos Santos IG, de Almeida PD, de Oliveira RB et al. The potential of aqueous extracts of Bellucia dichotoma Cogn.(Melastomataceae) to inhibit the biological activities of Bothrops atrox venom: A comparison of specimens collected in the states of Pará and Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;196:168-77.
Dey A, De JN. Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review. Int J Pharmacol. 2012;8(2):62-79.
Dhananjaya BL, D' Souza CJ. The pharmacological role of nucleotidases in snake venoms. Cell Biochem Funct. 2010;28(3):171-177.
Félix-Silva J, Silva-Junior AA, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MD. Medicinal plants for the treatment of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms: an overview from traditional use to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:5748256.
Fernandes FF, Tomaz MA, El-Kik CZ, Monteiro-Machado M, Strauch MA, Cons BL et al. Counteraction of Bothrops snake venoms by Combretum leprosum root extract and arjunolic acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155(1):552-562.
Fernandes JM, Félix-Silva J, da Cunha LM, dos Santos Gomes JA, da Silva Siqueira EM, Gimenes LP et al. Inhibitory effects of hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Kalanchoe brasiliensis and Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) against local effects induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom. PloS One. 2016;11(12):e0168658.
Ferreira LA, Henriques OB, Andreoni AA, Vital GR, Campos MM, Habermehl GG et al. Antivenom and biological effects of ar-turmerone isolated from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). Toxicon. 1992;30(10):1211-1218.
Giovannini P, Howes MJ. Medicinal plants used to treat snakebite in Central America: Review and assessment of scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;199:240-256.
Gomes A, Das R, Sarkhel S, Mishra R, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S, et al. Herbs and herbal constituents active against snake bite. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010;48(9):865-878.
Gomes A, Saha A, Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK. Viper and cobra venom neutralization by β-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica Less.(Asteraceae). Phytomedicine. 2007;14(9):637-643.
Goswami PK, Samant MA, Srivastava RS. Snake sssvenom, anti-snake venom & potential of snake venom. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;6(5):4-7.
Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Overlooked issues of snakebite management: time for strategic approach. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011;11(20):2494-508.
Gupta YK, Peshin SS. Do herbal medicines have potential for managing snake bite envenomation? Int J Toxicol. 2012;19(2):89.
Gutiérrez JM, Theakston RD, Warrell DA. Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: the need for a global partnership. PLoS Med. 2006;3(6):e150.
Harder C, de Oliveira AL, Scriboni AB, Cintra AC, Schezaro-Ramos R, dos Santos MG et al. Pharmacological properties of Vochysia Haenkeana (Vochysiaceae) extract to neutralize the neuromuscular blockade induced by Bothropstoxin-I (Lys49 Phospholipase A2) myotoxin. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017;7(3):433.
Houghton PJ, Osibogun IM, Bansal S. A peptide from Schumanniophyton magnificum with anti-cobra venom activity. Planta Med. 1992;58(03):263-265.
Imam MZ, Akter S. Musa paradisiaca L. and Musa sapientum L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011;1(5):14-20.
Jana S, Shekhawat GS. Critical review on medicinally potent plant species: Gloriosa superba. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(3):293-301.
Janardhan BH, Shrikanth VM, Dhananjaya BL, More SS. Antisnake venom properties of medicinal plants. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;7(S1):21-26.
Kala CP. Aboriginal uses and management of ethnobotanical species in deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh state in India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2009;5(1):20.
Kini RM, Gowda TV. Studies on snake venom enzymes: Part II--Partial characterization of ATPases from Russell's viper (Vipera russelli) venom & their interaction with potassium gymnemate. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1982;19(5):342.
Kobayashi KS, Chamaillard M, Ogura Y, Henegariu O, Inohara N, Nunez G et al. Nod2-dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract. Science. 2005;307(5710):731-4.
Krishnan SA, Dileepkumar R, Nair AS, Oommen OV. Studies on neutralizing effect of Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract against Daboia russelii venom. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):543-7.
Kumar MS, Amjesh R, Bhaskaran S, Delphin RD, Nair AS, Sudhakaran PR. Molecular docking and dynamic studies of crepiside E beta glucopyranoside as an inhibitor of snake venom PLA2. J Mol Model. 2019;25(4):88.
Kumar SS, Padhan B, Palita SK, Panda D. Plants used against snakebite by tribal people of Koraput district of Odisha, India. J Med Plants Stud. 2016;38(46):38-42.
Leanpolchareanchai J, Pithayanukul P, Bavovada R, Saparpakorn P. Molecular docking studies and anti-enzymatic activities of Thai mango seed kernel extract against snake venoms. Mol. 2009;14(4):1404-22.
Mahadeswaraswamy YH, Manjula B, Devaraja S, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Daboia russelli venom hyaluronidase: purification, characterization and inhibition by β-3-(3-hydroxy-4-oxopyridyl) α-amino-propionic Acid. CurrTop Med Chem. 2011;11(20):2556-65.
Mahadeswaraswamy YH, Nagaraju S, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Local tissue destruction and procoagulation properties of Echis carinatus venom: inhibition by Vitis vinifera seed methanol extract. Phytother Res. 2008;22(7):963-969.
Mahanta M, Mukherjee AK. Neutralisation of lethality, myotoxicity and toxic enzymes of Naja kaouthia venom by Mimosa pudica root extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;75(1):55-60.
Minu V, Harsh V, Ravikant T, Paridhi J, Noopur S. Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh with anti-snake venom property. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res. 2012;3(2):1-0.
Makhija IK, Khamar D. Anti-snake venom properties of medicinal plants. Pharm Lett. 2010;2(5):399-411.
Marcussi S, Sant'Ana CD, Oliveira CZ, Quintero Rueda A, Menaldo DL, Beleboni RO et al. Snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitors: medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(8):743-56.
Martz W. Plants with a reputation against snakebite. Toxicon. 1992;30(10):1131-42.
Meenatchisundaram S, Parameswari G, Michael A. Studies on antivenom activity of Andrographis paniculata and Aristolochia indica plant extracts against Daboia russelli venom by in vivo and in vitro methods. Indian J Sci Technol. 2009;2(4):76-9.
Meenatchisundaram S. Anti-venom activity of medicinal plants-a mini review. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2008;2008(1):162.
Meerabai G. Plants used as antivenin by traditional healers of Rayalaseema region, Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Drugs. 2014;2:44-8.
Mitra S, Mukherjee SK. Some plants used as antidote to snake bite in West Bengal, India. Divers Conserv Plants Trad Knowledge. 2014:487-506.
Molander M, Saslis-Lagoudakis CH, Jäger AK, Rønsted N. Cross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras used against snakebites. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Feb 15;139(3):863-72.
Mors WB, Do Nascimento MC, Parente J, Da Silva MH, Melo PA, Suarez-Kurtz G. Neutralization of lethal and myotoxic activities of South American rattlesnake venom by extracts and constituents of the plant Eclipta prostrata (Asteraceae). Toxicon. 1989;27(9):1003-1009.
Mostafa M, Nahar N, Mosihuzzaman M, Sokeng SD, Fatima N, Atta-ur-Rahman et al. Phosphodiesterase-I inhibitor quinovic acid glycosides from Bridelia ndellensis. Nat Prod Res. 2006;20(7):686-92.
Mukherjee AK, Doley R, Saikia D. Isolation of a snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor (AIPLAI) from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem): Mechanism of PLA2 inhibition by AIPLAI in vitro condition. Toxicon. 2008;51(8):1548-53.
Nayak P, Kalidass C. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Aspects of Cordia macleodii Hook. f. & Thomson-A review. J Non-Timber Forest Prod. 2016;23(2):1-4.
Nazimudeen SK, Ramaswamy S, Kameswaran L. Effect of Andrographis paniculata on snake venom induced death and its mechanism. Indian J Pharm Sci. 1978;40(4):132-3.
Nisha NC, Sreekumar S, Biju CK. Identification of lead compounds with cobra venom detoxification activity in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees through in silico method. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;8:212-7.
Nishijima CM, Rodrigues CM, Silva MA, Lopes-Ferreira M, Vilegas W, Hiruma-Lima CA. Anti-hemorrhagic activity of four Brazilian vegetable species against Bothrops jararaca venom. Molecules. 2009;14(3):1072-80.
Núñez V, Castro V, Murillo R, Ponce-Soto LA, Merfort I, Lomonte B. Inhibitory effects of Piper umbellatum and Piper peltatum extracts towards myotoxic phospholipases A2 from Bothrops snake venoms: isolation of 4-nerolidylcatechol as active principle. Phytochemistry. 2005;66(9):1017-25.
Ode OJ, Asuzu IU. The anti-snake venom activities of the methanolic extract of the bulb of Crinum jagus (Amaryllidaceae). Toxicon. 2006;48(3):331-42.
Panghal M, Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar District, Haryana, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6(1):4.
Penchalapratap G, Sudarsanam G, Pushpan R, Prasad GP. Herbal remedies for snake bites in ethnic practices of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh. Anc Sci Life. 2010;29(4):13.
Pereira BM, Daros MD, Parente JP, Matos FJ. Bredemeyeroside D, a novel triterpenoid saponin from Bredemeyera floribunda: A potent snake venom antidote activity on mice. Phytother Res. 1996;10(8):666-9.
Pereira IC, Barbosa AM, Salvador MJ, Soares AM, Ribeiro W, Cogo JC, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract against the inflammatory reaction induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom and isolated myotoxins BthTX-I and II. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2009;15(3):527-45.
Pithayanukul P, Leanpolchareanchai J, Bavovada R. Inhibitory effect of tea polyphenols on local tissue damage induced by snake venoms. Phytother Res. 2010;24(S1):S56-62.
Pithayanukul P, Ruenraroengsak P, Bavovada R, Pakmanee N, Suttisri R, Saen-Oon S. Inhibition of Naja kaouthia venom activities by plant polyphenols. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97(3):527-33.
Premendran SJ, Salwe KJ, Pathak S, Brahmane R, Manimekalai K. Anti-cobra venom activity of plant Andrographis paniculata and its comparison with polyvalent anti-snake venom. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2011;2(2):198.
Raghavamma ST, Rao NR, Rao GD. Inhibitory potential of important phytochemicals from Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) chiov., on snake venom (Naja naja). J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2016 Jun 1;14(1):211-7.
Rahmatullah M, Ferdausi D, Mollik MA, Azam MN, Rahman MT, Jahan R. Ethnomedicinal survey of Bheramara area in Kushtia district, Bangladesh. Am Eurasian J Sustainable Agric. 2009;3(3):534-41.
Rahmatullah M, Hasan A, Parvin W, Moniruzzaman M, Khatun A, Khatun Z et al. Medicinal plants and formulations used by the Soren clan of the Santal tribe in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh for treatment of various ailments. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2012;9(3):350-9.
Rajendran K, Shirwaikar A, Mehta M, Bharathi RV. In vitro and in vivo anti-snake venom (Daboia russelli) studies on various leaf extracts of Acalypha indica Linn. Int J Phytomed. 2010;2(3):217-220.
Rao YK, Vimalamma G, Rao CV, Tzeng YM. Flavonoids and andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(16):2317-21.
Reyes-Chilpa R, Gómez-Garibay F, Quijano L, Magos-Guerrero GA, Ríos T. Preliminary results on the protective effect of (-)-edunol, a pterocarpan from Brongniartia podalyrioides (Leguminosae), against Bothrops atrox venom in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;42(3):199-203.
Rita P, Animesh DK, Aninda M, Benoy GK, Sandip H, Datta K. Snake bite, snake venom, anti-venom and herbal antidote-a review. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm. 2011;2:1060-7.
Rojnuckarin P. Clinical Uses of Snake Antivenoms. Toxinology: Clinical Toxinology. 2013:1-5.
Rosa LD, Silva GA, Amaral Filho J, Silva MG, Cogo JC, Groppo FC et al. The inhibitory effect of Camellia sinensis extracts against the neuromuscular blockade of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. J Venom Res. 2010;1:1.
Sajon SR, Sana S, Rana S. Anti-venoms for snake bite: A synthetic and traditional drugs review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;6:190-7.
Samy RP, Gopalakrishnakone P, Chow VT. Therapeutic application of natural inhibitors against snake venom phospholipase A2. Bioinformation. 2012;8(1):48.
Samy RP, Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk plants for the treatment of snakebites in Southern part of Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(2):302-12.
Sanusi J, Shehu K, Jibia AB, Mohammed I, Liadi S. Anti Snake Venom Potential of Securidaca longepedunculata Leaf and Root Bark on Spitting Cobra (Naja nigricollis Hallowel) in Envenomed Wister Rats. IOSR Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2014;92-6.
Selvanayagam ZE, Gnanavendhan SG, Balakrishna K, Rao RB, Sivaraman J, Subramanian K et al. Ehretianone, a novel quinonoid xanthene from Ehretia buxifolia with antisnake venom activity. J Nat Prod. 1996;59(7):664-667.
Selvanayagam ZE, Gnanavendhan SG, Balakrishna K, Rao RB. Antisnake venom botanicals from ethnomedicine. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 1995;2(4):45-100.
Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Bodla R, Kumar CD. Neutralization potential of Viper russelli russelli (Russell’s viper) venom by ethanol leaf extract of Acalypha indica. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94(2-3):267-73.
Shenoy PA, Nipate SS, Sonpetkar JM, Salvi NC, Waghmare AB, Chaudhari PD. Anti-snake venom activities of ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L.(Piperaceae) against Russell's viper venom: characterization of piperine as active principle. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;147(2):373-82.
Singh P, Yasir M, Hazarika R, Sugunan S, Shrivastava R. A Review on Venom Enzymes Neutralizing Ability of Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants. J Pharmacopuncture. 2017;20(3):173.
Sivaraman T, Sreedevi NS, Meenatchisundaram S, Vadivelan R. Antitoxin activity of aqueous extract of Cyclea peltata root against Naja naja venom. Indian J Pharmacol. 2017;49(4):275.
Soares AM, Ticli FK, Marcussi S, Lourenco MV, Januario AH, Sampaio SV et al. Medicinal plants with inhibitory properties against snake venoms. Current Medicinal Soni P, Bodakhe SH. Antivenom potential of ethanolic extract of Cordia macleodii bark against Naja venom. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4:S449-54.
Ticli FK, Hage LI, Cambraia RS, Pereira PS, Magro ÂJ, Fontes MR et al. Rosmarinic acid, a new snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Cordia verbenacea (Boraginaceae): antiserum action potentiation and molecular interaction. Toxicon. 2005;46(3):318-327.
Tsai LH, Yang LL, Chang C. Inactivation of Formosan snake venoms in vivo by aristolochic acid, the chemical component of Aristolochia radix. Formosan Sci. 1980;34:40-4.
Uawonggul N, Chaveerach A, Thammasirirak S, Arkaravichien T, Chuachan C, Daduang S. Screening of plants acting against Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(2):201-207.
Vásquez J, Alarcón JC, Jiménez SL, Jaramillo GI, Gómez-Betancur IC, Rey-Suárez JP et al. Main plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of snake bites n the regions of the department of Antioquia, Colombia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;170:158-66.
Verma S, Singh SP. Current and future status of herbal medicines. Vet World. 2008;1(11):347.
Vinuchakkaravarthy T, Kumaravel KP, Ravichandran S, Velmurugan D. Active compound from the leaves of Vitex negundo L. shows anti-inflammatory activity with evidence of inhibition for secretory phospholipase A2 through molecular docking. Bioinformation. 2011;7(4):199.
World health organization. Snakebite envenoming: Prevalence of snakebite envenoming [cited 2021]. Available from: Available from: https://www.who.int/snakebites/epidemiology/
» https://www.who.int/snakebites/epidemiology/
Ximenes RM, Rabello MM, Araújo RM, Silveira ER, Fagundes FH, Diz-Filho E et al. Inhibition of neurotoxic secretory phospholipases A2 enzymatic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities by harpalycin 2, an isoflavone isolated from Harpalyce brasiliana benth. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2012;(2012):pp. 1-9, 10.1155/2012/987517.
» https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/987517
Yogi B, Gupta SK, Mishra A. Calotropis procera (Madar): A medicinal plant of various therapeutic uses‒A review. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2016;5:74-81.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content of the journal, except where identified, is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-type BY.
The on line journal has open and free access.
