Hypertriglyceridemia promotes dysfunctions in high-density lipoprotein increasing the cardiovascular risk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902022e20488Palavras-chave:
Triglycerides, Lipoproteins, Apolipoprotein A-I, DyslipidemiaResumo
Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with several metabolic diseases. The triglycerides (TG) disrupt the cholesterol reverse transport and contribute to increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) acts in cholesterol reverse transport as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study aims to investigate the role of hypertriglyceridemia in the functionality of HDL. Individuals were divided into 4 groups based on high or low HDL-c and triglycerides levels. Biochemical and anthropometric analysis were performed. This study demonstrated that triglycerides promote dysfunctions on HDL, increasing the cardiovascular risk. Blood pressure was higher in subjects with low HDL. Women presented higher levels of HDL-c and low percentage of fat mass. The highest levels of triglycerides were observed in older age. In addition, high levels of triglycerides were associated with higher total cholesterol and LDL-c levels, non-HDL-c, non-esterified fatty acids, and blood glucose, increasing in the ratio of non-HDL-c/HDL-c and ApoB/ApoA-I. The increase of triglycerides levels progressively impairs the antioxidant capacity of HDL, probably due to a higher occurrence of fatty acid peroxidation in individuals with hypertriglyceridemia. Patients with high HDL and low TG levels increased the Lag Time. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between TG versus HDL particle size, variables that depend on age and anthropometric parameters.
Downloads
Referências
Backes J, Anzalone D, Hilleman D, Catini J. The clinical relevance of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15(1):118.
Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE. A Short Questionnaire for the Measurement of Habitual Physical Activity in Epidemiological Studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36(5):936-42.
Barter P. Lessons learned from the Investigation of Lipid Level Management to Understand its Impact in Atherosclerotic Events (ILLUMINATE) Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(10 Suppl.):10E-15E.
Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJP, Komajda M, et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Eng J Med. 2007;357(21):2109-22.
Barter PJ, Nicholls S, Rye KA, Anantharamaiah GM, Navab M, Fogelman AM. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res. 2004;95(8):764-772.
Besler C, Heinrich K, Rohrer L, Doerries C, Riwanto M, Shih DM, et al. Mechanisms underlying adverse effects of HDL on eNOS-activating pathways in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(7):2693-2708.
Cifuentes-Goches JC, De Dios Gómez-López J, Hernández-Ancheyta L, Flores-Fuentes SE, Incháustegui-Árias JL, Cañas-Urbina AO. Práctica Clínico-Quirúrgica Hipertrigliceridemia e hipoalfalipoproteinemia Su impacto para diagnosticar síndrome metabólico. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2012;50(3).
Da Silva IT, De Souza Timm A, Damasceno NRT. Influence of obesity and cardiometabolic makers on lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity in adolescents: The healthy young cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis . 2013;12:19.
Er LK, Wu S, Chou HH, Hsu LA, Teng MS, Sun YC, et al. Triglyceride glucose-body mass index is a simple and clinically useful surrogate marker for insulin resistance in nondiabetic individuals. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0149731.
Feng YM, Zhao D, Zhang N, Yu CG, Zhang Q, Thijs L, et al. Insulin resistance in relation to lipids and inflammation in type-2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic people. PLoS ONE . 2016;11(4):e0153171.
Florindo AA, Dias de Oliveira Latorre M do R, Constante Jaime P, Tanaka T, de Freitas Zerbini CA. Metodologia para a avaliação da atividade física habitual em homens com 50 anos ou mais. Rev Saúde Pública. 2004;38(2):307-14.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499-502.
Haase CL, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Ali Qayyum A, Schou J, Nordestgaard BG, Frikke-Schmidt R. LCAT, HDL cholesterol and ischemic cardiovascular disease: A mendelian randomization study of HDL cholesterol in 54,500 individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(2):E248-56.
Hernáez A, Castañer O, Elosua R, Pintó X, Estruch R, Salvadó JS, et al. Mediterranean diet improves high-density lipoprotein function in high-cardiovascular-risk individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2017;135(7):633-643.
Kim HM, Park J, Kim HO, Kim DH, Park SH. Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Children and Adolescents Aged 10-18 Years From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998 and 2001. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(8):787-93.
Kontush A, Chantepie S, Chapman MJ. Small, dense HDL particles exert potent protection of atherogenic LDL against oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(10):1881-8.
Kontush A, Lindahl M, Lhomme M, Calabresi L, Chapman MJ, Davidson WS. Structure of HDL: Particle subclasses and molecular components. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Springer New York LLC; 2015. p. 3-51.
Krzywinski M, Altman N. Multiple linear reression. Nat Methods. 2015;12(12):1103-1104.
Li JJ, Zhang Y, Li S, Cui CJ, Zhu CG, Guo YL, et al. Large HDL subfraction but not HDL-C is closely linked with risk factors, coronary severity and outcomes in a cohort of nontreated patients with stable coronary artery disease: a prospective observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(4):1-8.
Lima ES, Couto RD. Estrutura, metabolismo e funções fisiológicas da lipoproteína de alta densidade Structure, metabolism and physiologic functions of high-density lipoproteins. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2006;42(3):169-178.
Lima LM, Carvalho MDG, Sousa MO. Índice apo B/apo A-I e predição de risco cardiovascular. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;e187-90.
Lincoff AM, Nicholls SJ, Riesmeyer JS, Barter PJ, Brewer HB, Fox KAA, et al. Evacetrapib and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(20):1933-42.
Machado-Lima A, Iborra RT, Pinto RS, Sartori CH, Oliveira ER, Nakandakare ER, et al., Advanced glycated albumin isolated from poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus patients alters macrophage gene expression impairing ABCA-1-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2013;29(1):66-76.
Mendivil CO, Furtado J, Morton AM, Wang L, Sacks FM. Novel Pathways of Apolipoprotein A-I Metabolism in High-Density Lipoprotein of Different Sizes in Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2016;36(1):156-65.
Moura JP. Does lowering triglycerides reduce cardiovascular risk? Rev Port Cardiol. 2019;38(8):543-545.
Natarajan P, Ray KK, Cannon CP. High-density lipoprotein and coronary heart disease. current and future therapies. J AM Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(13):1283-1299.
Nicholls SJ, Lincoff AM, Barter PJ, Brewer HB, Fox KAA, Gibson CM, et al. Assessment of the clinical effects of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition with evacetrapib in patients at high-risk for vascular outcomes: Rationale and design of the ACCELERATE trial. Am Heart J. 2015;170(6):1061-1069.
Oliveira MAM de, Fagundes RLM, Moreira EAM, Trindade EBS de M, Carvalho T de. Relação de indicadores antropométricos com fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular. Arq Bras Cardiol . 2010;94(4):478-85.
World Health Organization. WHO. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. In Geneva; 1995.
Pereira C, Miname M, Makdisse M, Filho RK, Santos RD. Association of peripheral arterial and cardiovascular diseases in familial hypercholesterolemia. Arq Bras Cardiol . 2014;103(2):118-23.
Pereira LO, Francischi RP de, Lancha Jr. AH. Obesidade: hábitos nutricionais, sedentarismo e resistência à insulina. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2003;47(2):111-27.
Pinchuk I, Lichtenberg D. Analysis of the kinetics of lipid peroxidation in terms of characteristic time-points. Chem Phys Lipids. 2014;178:63-76.
Pollock ML, Wilmore JH. Exercícios na saúde e na doença: avaliação e prescrição para prevenção e reabilitação. MEDSI; 1993. 718 p.
Qin G, Tu J, Zhang C, Tang X, Luo L, Wu J, et al. The value of the apoB/apoAΙ ratio and the non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio in predicting carotid atherosclerosis among Chinese individuals with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis . 2015;14:24.
Roever LS, Resende ES, Diniz ALD, Penha-Silva N, Veloso FC, Casella-Filho A, et al. Abdominal obesity and association with atherosclerosis risk factors: The uberlândia heart study. Medicine (United States). 2016;95(11):e1357.
Sardinha LB, Santos DA, Silva AM, Grøntved A, Andersen LB, Ekelund U. A comparison between BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio for identifying cardio-metabolic risk in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE . 2016;11(2):PMC4762486.
SBD SB de D. Diretrizes-Sociedade Btasileira de Diabetes 2017-2018 [Internet]. 2017. 383 p. Available from: http://www.diabetes.org.br/profissionais/images/2017/diretrizes/diretrizes-sbd-2017-2018.pdf
» http://www.diabetes.org.br/profissionais/images/2017/diretrizes/diretrizes-sbd-2017-2018.pdf
Schild BZ, Santos LN, Alves MK. Doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica e sua relação com a síndrome metabólica no pré 2011 operatório de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2013;59(2):155-60.
Shuhei N, Söderlund S, Jauhiainen M, Taskinen MR. Effect of HDL composition and particle size on the resistance of HDL to the oxidation. Lipids Health Dis . 2010;9:104.
Sviridov D, Mukhamedova N, Remaley AT, Chin-Dusting J, Nestel P. Antiatherogenic functionality of high density lipoprotein: How much versus how good. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2008;15(2):52-62.
Tereshina EV, Ivanenko SI. Age-related obesity is a heritage of the evolutionary past. Biochemistry (Moscow). 2014;79(7):581-592.
Valiyaveettil M, Kar N, Ashraf MZ, Byzova TV, Febbraio M, Podrez EA. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein inhibits platelet activation and aggregation via scavenger receptor BI. Blood. 2008;111(4):1962-71.
Venturini CD, Engroff P, Gomes I, De Carli GA. Prevalência de obesidade associada à ingestão calórica, glicemia e perfil lipídico em uma amostra populacional de idosos do Sul do Brasil. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2013;16(3):591-601.
Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Barbalic M, Jensen MK, et al. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: A mendelian randomisation study. Lancet. 2012;380(9841):572-80.
Von Eckardstein A, Nofer JR, Assmann G. High density lipoproteins and arteriosclerosis role of cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2001;21(1):13-27.
Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358(9298):2026-33.
Xavier HT, Izar MC, Faria Neto JR, Assad MH, Rocha VZ, Sposito AC, et al. V diretriz Brasileira de dislipidemias e prevenção da aterosclerose. Arq Bras Cardiol . 2013;101(4 Suppl.1):1-20.
Ziouzenkova O, Sevanian A, Abuja PM, Ramos P, Esterbauer H. Copper can promote oxidation of LDL by markedly different mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;24(4):607-23.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content of the journal, except where identified, is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-type BY.
The on line journal has open and free access.
