Physico-chemical characterization of a phytosterol ester enriched margarine

Abstract

Recently, sterol and stanol esters have been added to special margarines, which are commercially available as functional foods with the ability to reduce both total and LDL cholesterol levels. As part of a healthy diet, this type of product has been scientifically proven to lower blood LDL cholesterol by around 10-15%, which implies a dramatic lowering in coronary heart disease risk by 25%. Current literature on this field provides a great amount of information on the effects of phytosterols/phytostanols in cholesterol lowering and attempts to explain their metabolism in human body, but researches on their physical and chemical properties and their application in food products are limited in the food technology area. The objective of this study is to characterize a phytosterol ester enriched margarine and to compare their physical behavior to common margarines commercially available. Fatty acid and sterol compositions were determined by gas-liquid cromatography and a constant speed texture analyser was used to evaluate the texture profiles of the samples. The phytosterol ester-enriched margarine contains 49.3% of moisture, 49.6% of lipids and 1.1% of solids. ß-Sitosterol is the most abundant sterol, totalizing 36.1%. Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) is the fatty acid that is present in the greatest amount and corresponds to 45.3% of total fatty acid composition. In general, texture properties of the fat base and its respective spread presented a significant linear correlation. Although harder than common margarines commercially available, margarine with phytosterol esters presents good spread ability in the range of temperature between room and refrigeration and is more resistant to higher temperatures than common margarines. In general, the phytosterol esters presented melting and crystallization behavior quite different from other edible fats and oils.