Social support, family functionality and glycemic control of diabetic patients type 2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v99i5p432-441Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Apoio social, Relação familiar.Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the perception of social support and family functionality by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) treated at the endocrinology clinic of a university hospital, as well as to verify associations with glycemic control and clinical-demographic variables. Methods: Observational and transversal study, with structured interviews with patients with DM2 in outpatient treatment. Social support was assessed through the Medical Outcome Study (MOS) scale and family functionality by the Smilkstein Family Apgar. Results: A total of 160 patients with a mean age of 55.7 ± 11 years, 76% women and 54.4% of the C class were evaluated. The perception of social support was positive, especially in the affective dimension, but in men and material dimension was higher than in women (p=0.02). There was a difference in this perception among patients with hyperglycemia and normoglycemia only in the information dimension (p=0.04). Family function was related to age (p=0.03) and sex (p=0.02). There was no correlation between social support and family functionality with the variables time of diagnosis, type of treatment, body mass index, duration of follow-up, intervals between returns and economy class. Conclusions: The perception of social support and family functionality was positive, especially among men and the elderly, but was related to glycemia only in the information dimension. It is important to consider sex, age, family and information provision to offer Type 2 diabetic patients an approach that allows them to better cope with the disease.
Downloads
References
Aragão EIS, Portugal FB, Campos MR, Lopes CS, Fortes SLCL. Distintos padrões de apoio social percebido e sua associação com doenças físicas (hipertensão, diabetes) ou mentais no contexto da atenção primária. Ciên Saúde Coletiva. 2017;22(7):2367-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017227.26712015.
Kirk JK, Ebert CN, Gamble GP, Ebert CE. Social Support Strategies in Adult Patients With Diabetes: A Review of Strategies in the USA and Europe. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2013;8(4):379-89. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17446651.2013.811895.
Peeples M, Tomky D, Mulcahy K, Peyrot M, Siminerio L. Outcomes Project and AADE/UMPC Diabetes Education Outcomes Project. Evolution of the American Association of Diabetes Educators’ diabetes education outcomes project. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33(5):794–817. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721707307615.
Griep RH, Chor D, Faerstein E, Werneck GL, Lopes CS. Validade de constructo de escala de apoio social. Cad Saúde Pública. 2005;21(3):703-14. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v21n3/04.pdf.
Rosa TEC, Benicio MHA, Alves MAGP, Lebrão ML. Aspectos estruturais e funcionais do apoio social de idosos do Município de São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2007;23(12):2982-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001200019.
Torres GV, Reis LA, Fernandes MH, Alves GS, Sampaio LS, Mascarenhas CHM. Funcionalidade familiar de idosos dependentes residentes em domicílios. Aval Psicol. 2009;8(3):415-23. Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-04712009000300013&lng=pt.
Assunção TS, Ursine PGS. Estudo de fatores associados à adesão ao tratamento não farmacológico em portadores de diabetes mellitus assistidos pelo Programa Saúde da Família, Ventosa, Belo Horizonte. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2008;13(suppl. 2):2189-97. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232008000900024.
Smilkstein G. The family APGAR: a proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians. J Fam Pract. 1978;6(6):1231-9.
Duarte YAO. Família: rede de suporte ou fator estressor. A ótica de idosos e cuidadores familiares [tese]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem; 2001 [citado 10 nov. 2017]. Disponível em: http://goo.gl/0NmCro.
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP). Critério de Classificação Econômica do Brasil (2012) [citado 18 nov. 2017]. Disponível em: http://www.abep.org/new/criterioBrasil.aspx.
World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO; 2000.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl 1):S15-S35. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S15.
Olivo PL, Giraldes, APR, Silveira, AD, Tiemi ME, Coppedé L, Stefan, LFB, et al. Perfil socioeconômico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no ambulatório da Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí e sua associação com obesidade e hipertensão arterial. Perspect Med. 2009;20(2):40-4. Disponível em: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2432/243216397009.pdf.
Moreira RO, Amâncio APRL, Brum HR, Vasconcelos DL, Nascimento GF. Sintomas depressivos e qualidade de vida em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 com polineuropatia distal diabética. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2009;53(9):1103-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302009000900007.
Levorato CD, Mello LM, Silva AS, Nunes AA. Fatores associados à procura por serviços de saúde numa perspectiva relacional de gênero. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2014;19(4):1263-74. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014194.01242013.
Negrisoli R, Cocco MIM. Perfil da clientela atendida em ambulatório de diabetes de um hospital universitário. Rev Cienc Med (Campinas). 2002;11(1):39-46.
Borges DB, Lacerda JT. Ações voltadas ao controle do Diabetes Mellitus na Atenção Básica: proposta de modelo avaliativo. Saude Debate. 2018;42(116):162-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104201811613.
Figueira ALG, Gomes-Vilas Boas LCG, Freitas MCF, Foss MC, Pace AM. Percepção do apoio social pela pessoa com Diabetes mellitus e úlceras nos pés. Acta Paul Enferm. 2012;25(1):20-26. https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ape/v25nspe1/pt_04.pdf.
White P, Smith SM, Hevey D, O’Dowd T. Understanding Type 2 diabetes: including the family member’s perspective. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35(5):810-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721709340930.
Gomes-Villas Boas LC, Foss MS, Freitas MCF, Pace AE. Relação entre apoio social, adesão aos tratamentos e controle metabólico de pessoas com diabetes mellitus. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2012;20(1):52-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692012000100008.
Toro MCC, Garcés CRR. Funcionalidad familiar en pacientes diabéticos e hipertensos compensados y descompensados. Theoria 2010;19(1):41-50. Disponível em: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/299/29916956004.pdf.
Ixba-Villegas MA, Márquez-González H, Jímenez-Báez MV, Cantellano-García DM. Relationship between Type of Family and its Relationship to Metabolic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Diabetes Clin Res. 2015;2:1. Disponível em: http://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijdcr/ijdcr-2-018.pdf.
Bhandary B, Rao S, Sanal TS. The effect of perceived stress and family functioning on people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(12):2929-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/7414.3689
Teston ET, Santos Al, Cecilio HPM, Manoel MF, Marcon SS. The experience of the chronically ill patient and familiar forward the need of care. Cienc Cuid Saude. 2013;12(1):129-36.
Santos MA, Alves RCP, Oliveira VA, Ribas CRP, Teixeira CR, Zanetti ML. Representações sociais de pessoas com diabetes acerca do apoio familiar percebido em relação ao tratamento. Rev Escol Enf Univ São Paulo. 2011;45(3):651-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342011000300015.
Teherán-Valderrama AAT, Guatibonza MCM, Meza LJA, Ramírez YJM, Cespedes MCB, González VC. Relação entre o apoio social e as complicações agudas da diabetes tipo 2: um estudo de corte transversal. Rev Cienc Salud. 2017;15(2):11-222. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.5757.
Sukkarieh-Haraty O, Howard E. Is social support universally adaptive in diabetes? A correlational study in an Arabic-speaking population with type 2 diabetes. Holist Nurs Pract. 2015;29(1):37-47. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000060.
Al-Akour NA, Khader YS, Alaoui AM. Glycemic control and its determinants among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending a Teaching Hospital. J Diabetes Metab. 2011;2:129. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000129.
Gao J, Wang J, Zheng P, Haardörfer R, Kegler MC, Zhu Y, et al. Effects of self-care, self-efficacy, social support on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14:66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-66.
Silva I, Pais-Ribeiro J, Cardoso H. Efeitos do apoio social na qualidade de vida, controlo metabólico e desenvolvimento de complicações crónicas em indivíduos com diabetes. Psicol Saude Doenças. 2003;4(1):21-32. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1645-00862003000100002&lng=pt.
Chew BH, Khoo EM, Chia YC. Social support and glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Asia Pac J Public Ealth. 2015;27(2):NP166-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539511431300.
Schiøtz ML, Bøgelund M, Almdal T, Jensen BB, Willaing I. Social support and self-management behavior among patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2012;29(5):654-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03485.x.
Miller TA, Dimatteo MR. Importance of family/social support and impact on adherence to diabetic therapy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;6:421-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S36368
Iloh G. Family functionality, medication adherence and blood glucose control among ambulatory type 2 diabetic patients in a Nigerian Hospital. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2017;8:149-53.
Khosravizade TH, Madarshahian F, Khoshniat NM, Hassanabadi M, Mahmoudirad G. Impact of family support improvement behaviors on anti diabetic medication adherence and cognition in type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014;13(1):113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-014-0113-2
van Dam HA, Van Der Horster FG, Knoops L, Ryckman RM, Crebolder HF, van den Borne BH. Social support in diabetes: a systematic review of controlled intervention studies. Patient Educ Couns, 2005;59(1):1-12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK71756/.
Cyrino AP, Schraiber LB Teixeira RR. Education for type 2 diabetes mellitus self-care: from compliance to empowerment. Interface Comunic Saude Educ (Botucatu). 2009;13(30):93-106. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-32832009000300009.
Tang TS, Brown MB, Funnell MM, Anderson RM. Social support, quality of life, and self-care behaviors among African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2008;34(2):266-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721708315680.
Caetano SC, Silva CM, Vettore MV. Gender differences in the association of perceived social support and social network with self-rated health status among older adults: a population-based study in Brazil. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:122. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-13-122.
Gallicchio L, Hoffman SC, Helzlsouer KJ. The Relationship between Gender, Social Support, and Health-Related Quality of Life in a Community-Based Study in Washington County, Maryland. Qual Life Res. 2007;16 (5):777-86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-006-9162-4.
Hara Y, Hisatomi M, Ito H, Nakao M, Tsuboi K, Ishihara Y. Effects of gender, age, family support, and treatment on perceived stress and coping of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biopsychosoc Med. 2014;8:16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-8-16.
Göz F, Karaoz S, Goz M, Ekiz S, Cetin I. Effects of the diabetic patients’ perceived social support on their quality-of-life. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(7):1353-60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01472.x.
Matud MP, Ibañez I, Bethencourt JM, Marrero R, Carballeira M. Structural gender differences in perceived social support. Personality Individual Differences. 2003;35(8):1919-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00041-2.
Mayberry LS, Osborn CY. Family support, medication adherence, and glycemic control among adults with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1239-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-2103.
Rosell-Murphy M, Bonet-Simó JM, Baena E, Prieto G, Bellerino E, Solé F, et al. Intervention to improve social and family support for caregivers of dependent patients: ICIAS study protocol. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15:53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-15-53.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista de Medicina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
