Environmental risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v102i4e-166097Keywords:
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic factors, Cultural factorsAbstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can be characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness in such a way that there is interference in the individual’s functioning and development, in addition to a significant impairment of family, social, academic and behavioral functioning. ADHD is a complex clinical picture with a multifactorial etiology, with an influence of 10-30% related to environmental factors. Some of the factors related to the disorder are linked to maternal habits (during or prior to the gestational period), so that, if identified in Primary Care and avoided, it would be possible to prevent the disorder from evolving to a more serious and more symptomatic condition. With the aim of identifying and describing the risk factors for ADHD that could enable some type of prevention or better prognosis, 41 articles were selected through a literature review on The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), PUBMED platforms, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Cochrane Library, being the main descriptors: “adhd”, “risk factors”, “premature birth” and “diagnosis”. Furthermore, 6 references were manually included, due to their importance to the topic, totaling 47 references. Inclusion criteria: articles published in the last 10 years, in English and/or Portuguese, which addressed risk factors for ADHD. Exclusion criteria: biased articles, which only addressed factors that did not influence the development of the disorder, but only the drug and behavioral interventions to be taken. After data analysis, it is concluded that some type of prevention or minimization of ADHD may be possible. This begins with identifying risk factors in women of childbearing age and pregnant women, and after childbirth. Some of the important factors to be changed for prevention and/or better prognosis were lack of family planning, use of alcohol, nicotine and acetaminophen during pregnancy, poverty, low education level, poor adherence to treatment, and contact with bisphenol A and phthalate. Some factors to be better investigated are prematurity, cultural pressure, academic demand and DHEG. We considered important to identify these factors, since it would enable a better prognosis for the child and an improvement in the family environment, since the disorder often represents a burden to the family.
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