Protection of minorities in international law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2318-8235.v113i0p703-719Keywords:
Minorities, Protection, International LawAbstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an historical overview and the current scenario of the protection of minorities in International Law, as well as to highlight the latest development in this field, like in the case of the Yogyakarta Principles. This paper will focus on the definition and recognition of minorities based on case law and jurisprudence (doctrine). The authors conclude that, notwithstanding important developments within the latest 100 years, there is no consent regarding the definition and recognition of minorities, what has jeopardized those who demand specific international protection. This paper explains the current stage of international protection of minorities and identifies difficulties and challenges that such protection faces, including in the field of practice.
Downloads
References
ACCIOLY, Hildebrando Pompeo Pinto. Tratado de direito internacional público. 3. ed. São Paulo: Quartier Latin, 2009. v. 2.
______; SILVA, Geraldo Eulálio do Nascimento e; CASELLA, Paulo Borba. Manual de direito internacional público. 19 ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2011.
BOBBIO, Norberto. A era dos direitos. Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1992.
BRASIL. Câmara dos Deputados. Projeto de Lei da Câmara n. 122, de 2006. Criminaliza a Homofobia. Disponível em: <https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/79604>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2013.
BRASIL. Conselho Nacional de Justiça. Resolução n. 175, de 14 de maio de 2013. Disponível em: <http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/resol_gp_175_2013.pdf>. Acesso em: 31 out. 2017.
BRASIL. Constituição (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm>.
BRASIL. Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Acórdão do REsp 1.183.378-RS. Relator: Ministro Luis Felipe Salomão. Julgado em 25 de outubro de 2011. Disponível em: <https://stj.jusbrasil.com.br/jurisprudencia/21285514/recurso-especial-resp-1183378-rs-2010-0036663-8-stj?ref=juris-tabs>.
BRASIL. Supremo Tribunal Federal. ADPF 132-RJ e ADI 4277-DF. Relator: Ministro Ayres Britto. Julgado em 5 de maio de 2011. Disponível em: <https://stf.jusbrasil.com.br/jurisprudencia/20627236/acao-direta-de-inconstitucionalidade-adi-4277-df-stf>.
CAPOTORTI, Francesco. Study on the rights of persons belonging to the ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities. Genebra: United Nations Publications, 1979.
CASELLA, Paulo Borba. Fundamentos de direito internacional pós-moderno. São Paulo: Quartier Latin, 2008.
______. Proteção das minorias no direito internacional pós-moderno. In: ACCIOLY, Elizabeth (Coord.). Direito no século XXI: em homenagem ao professor Werter Faria. Curitiba: Juruá, 2009. p. 541-595.
DESCHÊNES, Jules. Proposal concerning a definition of the term “minority”. (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/31). Geneva, May 1985.
DONNELLY, Jack. Universal human rights: in theory and practice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
FILIPE, Ângela Marques. O processo de reconciliação na África do Sul. (CIARI – Centro de Investigação e Análise em Relações Internacionais). Disponível em: <http://www.dhnet.org.br/verdade/mundo/textos/ciari_africa_do_sul_processo_reconciliacao.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2013.
FRANCE. National Assembly. French Constitution of October 4, 1958. Disponível em: <https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/sites/default/files/as/root/bank_mm/anglais/constiution_anglais_oct2009.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2013.
HANNUM, Hurst. Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.
HAVILAND, William A et al. Princípios de antropologia. São Paulo: Cengage Learning, 2011.
HUNTINGTON, Samuel P. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. 1. ed. Nova Iorque: Simon & Schuster, 1996, 367 p.
JURISPRUDENTIAL annotations to the Yogyakarta Principles, Nov., 2007. Disponível em: <http://www.sxpolitics.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/yogyakarta-principles-jurisprudential-annotations.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2013.
LOHRENSCHEIT, Claudia; THIEMANN, Anne. Sexuelle selbstbestimmungsrechte: zur entwicklung menschenrechtlicher normen für lesben, schwule, transsexuelle und intersexuelle. In: LOHRENSCHEIT, Claudia. Sexuelle selbstbestimmung als menschenrecht. 1. ed. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2009.
MCKENZIE, A. D. França muda discurso sobre expulsão de ciganos. CartaCapital, São Paulo, set. 2010.
O’FLAHERTY, Michael; FISHER, John. Sexual orientation, gender identity and international human rights law: contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles. Human Rights Law Review, Oxford, v. 8, n. 2, p. 207-248, Jan. 2008. p. 240.
PACKER, John. On the content of minority rights. In: RÄIKKÄ, Juha (Org.). Do we need minority rights? Haia: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1996. (International Studies in Human Rights, 46).
PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE. Collection of advisory opinions: the Greco-Bulgarian “Communities”. Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff’s Publishing Company, 1930. (Series B. No. 17). Disponível em: <https://www.icj-cij.org/files/permanent-court-of-international-justice/serie_B/B_17/01_Communautes_greco-bulgares_Avis_consultatif.pdf>. Acesso em: 3 jul. 2017.
PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE. Collection of judgments: case concerning certain German interests in Polish Upper Silesia. Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff’s Publishing Company, 1925. (Series A. No. 16). Disponível em: <http://www.icj-cij.org/pcij/serie_A/A_06/16_Interets_allemands_en_Haute_Silesie_polonaise_Competence_Arret.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2013.
SHAW, Malcolm N. The definition of minorities in international law. In: DINSTEIN, Yoram; TABORY, Mala (Org.). The protection of minorities and human rights. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992.
STOEL, Max van der. Human Dimension Seminar Case Studies on National Minorities Issues Positive Results. In: OFFICE FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS. CSCE human dimension seminar on case studies on national minorities issues: positive results. Warsaw, 24 a 28 May, 1993.
TOYNBEE, Arnold; BRYCE, Lorde James. Atrocidades turcas na Armênia em 1915: denúncias de grandes personalidades. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003
UNITED NATIONS. Human Rights Council. Resolution on human rights, sexual orientation and gender identity. Seventeenth session. 2011. Disponível em: <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/148/76/PDF/G1114876.pdf?OpenElement>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2013.
UNITED NATIONS. Human Rights Council. Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 – Brazil. First session. Geneva, April 2008. p. 5. Disponível em: <https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G08/113/02/PDF/G0811302.pdf?OpenElement>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2013.
UNITED NATIONS. Human Rights. Office of the High Commissioner. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Dec. 1966. Disponível em: <https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx>. Acesso em: 20 maio 2013.
UNITED NATIONS. Report of the ninth session of the Commission on Human Rights: economic and social council official records: sixteenth session. Supplement No. 8. UNDOC E/CN.4/641, annex 1, resolution II. Geneva, 1953. Disponível em: <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/E-2447.pdf>. Acesso em: 28 maio 2013.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Revista da Faculdade de Direito, Universidade de São Paulo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
