Affirmative actions in Brazil and South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-20702006000200007Keywords:
South Africa and Brazil, Comparative studies, Frames, Affirmative action, Ethnic-racial relationsAbstract
In this paper I compare race-targeted affirmative action policies in higher education in Brazil and South Africa. A few questions guide this comparison. Why are countries with completely different racial structures and histories currently implementing similar policies to address racial inequality? And, more specifically, why did Brazil - a country with historically less rigid racial boundaries than South Africa - implement a more radical form of affirmative action than South Africa? How do these different national understandings of race influence the implementation and debates about race-targeted affirmative action? And, maybe more importantly, how do these "imported" policies influence the above mentioned national contexts?Downloads
References
ADAM, Kanya. (1997), “The politics of redress: South African style affirmative action”. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 35: 231-249.
BECKER, Gary. (1957), The economics of discrimination. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
BENFORD, Robert. (1993), “Frame disputes within nuclear disarmament movement”. Social Forces, 71: 677-701.
BENFORD, Robert & SNOW, David. (2000), “Framing processes and social movements: an overview and assessment”. Annual Review of Sociology, 26: 611-639.
BOURDIEU, Pierre & WACQUANT, Loïc. (1999), “On the cunning of imperialist reason”. Theory, Culture, and Society, 16: 41-58.
CAMPBELL, John L. (2002), “Ideas, politics, and public policy”. Annual Review of Sociology, 28: 21-38.
DIMAGGIO, Paul & POWELL, William. (1991), “The new institutionalism in organizational analysis”. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
DOBBIN, Frank. (1994), Forging industrial policy. Nova York, Cambridge University Press.
DURKHEIM, E. (1988), As regras do método sociológico. São Paulo, Martins Fontes.
FEREE, M.; GAMSON, W. A.; GERHARDS, J. & RUCHT, D. (2002), Shaping abortion discourse: democracy and the public sphere in Germany and the United States. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
FRIEDMAN, Steve. (1996), “South Africa’s pacted transition”. In: FRIEDMAN, S. & VILLIERS, R. D. (eds.), Comparing Brazil and South Africa: two transitional states in political and economic perspective. Johannesburg, ZA, Centre for Policy Studies, pp. 45-68.
FRY, Peter. (2000), “Cultures of difference: the aftermath of Portuguese and British colonial policies in Southern Africa”. Social Anthropology, 8: 117-144.
FRY, Peter. (2005), A persistência da raça: ensaios antropológicos sobre o Brasil e a África Austral. Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira.
FRY, Peter & MAGGIE, Yvonne. (2002), “A reserva de vagas para negros nas universidades brasileiras”. Estudos Avançados, 18: 67-80.
GILIOMEE, Hermann. (1998), “The majority, minorities and ex-nationalities in South Africa and the proposed cultural commission”. In: Seminar Report: the constitutional protection of multiculturalism. Johannesburg, SA, Konrad-AdenauerStiftung, pp. 37-44.
GLOBO. (2006a), “Documento contrário à lei de cotas e ao Estatuto de Igualdade Racial”. O Globo. Rio de Janeiro, 30 jun.
GLOBO. (2006b), “Manifesto a favor da lei de cotas e do Estatuto de Igualdade Racial”. O Globo. Rio de Janeiro, 5 jul.
GUILLEBEAU, Christopher. (1999), “Affirmative action in a global perspective: the cases of South Africa and Brazil”. Sociological Spectrum, 19: 443-465.
GUILLEN, Mauro F. (2001), The limits of convergence: globalization and organizational change in Argentina, South Korea, and Spain. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
HAMILTON, Charles; HUNTLEY, Lynn; ALEXANDER, Neville; GUIMARÃES, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo & JAMES, Wilmot. (2001), Beyond racism: race and inequality in Brazil, South Africa and the United States. Londres, Lynn Rienner.
HOLLINGER, David A. (1995), Postethnic America: beyond multiculturalism. Nova York, BasicBooks.
HTUN, Mala. (2004), “From ‘racial democracy’ to affirmative action: changing State policy on race in Brazil”. Latin American Research Review, 39 (1): 60-89.
JACOBSEN, J. K. (1995), “Muchado about ideas: the cognitive factors in economic policy”. World Polit, 47: 283-310.
KRAAK, Andre. (2004), “Discursive tensions in South African higher education, 1990 to 2002”. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8: 244-281.
LAMONT, Michele & BAIL, Christopher. (no prelo), “Bridging boundaries: the equalization strategies of stigamatized ethno-racial groups compared”. Revue Européene des Migrations Internationales, Special Edition.
LAMONT, Michele & THEVENOT, Laurent. (2000), “Rethinkking comparative cultural sociology: polities and repertoires of evaluation in France and the United States”. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
LINDSAY, Beverly. (1997), “Toward conceptual, policy, and programmatic frameworks of affirmative action in South African universities”. Journal of Negro Education, 66: 522-538.
MABOKELA, Reitumetse Obakeng. (2000), Voices of conflict: desegregating South African universities. Nova York, RoutledgeFalmer.
MARX, Anthony. (1998), Making race and nation: a comparison of South Africa, the United States and Brazil. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
MEYER, John W.; BOLI, John; THOMAS, George M. & RAMIREZ, Francisco O. (1997), “World society and the Nation-State”. American Journal of Sociology, 103: 144-181.
MITTLEMAN, J. H. (2000), The globalization syndrome: transformation and resistance. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
PARIKH, Sunita. (1997), The politics of preference: democratic institutions and affirmative action in the United States and India. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
PERIA, Michelle. (2004), “Ação afirmativa: um estudo sobre a reserva de vagas para negros nas universidades públicas brasileiras: o caso do estado do Rio de Janeiro”. Social Anthropology. Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional/UFRJ.
PIOVESAN, Flavia. (2006), Ordem jurídica e igualdade étnico-racial. São Paulo, Prol.
REIS, Elisa & MOORE, Mick (eds.). (2005), Elite perceptions of poverty & inequality. Londres, Zed Books.
RIBEIRO, Luiz Fernando Ferreira da Rosa. (1994), “Comparing Brazil and South Africa: a comment”. South African Sociological Review, 7: 63-66.
RIBEIRO, Luiz Fernando Ferreira da Rosa. (1996), “‘Apartheid’ and ‘democracia racial’: South Africa and Brazil in contrast”. Utrecht. Doctoral Thesis Anthropology. Universeit Utrecht.
SABBAGH, Daniel. (2004), “Affirmative action policies: and international perspective. United Nations Development Program”. United Nations Development Program, pp. 50.
SATO, Kyoko. (2004), “Media framing of genetically modified foods in the United States, France and Japan”. Trabalho apresentado na American Sociological Association, na mesa “Section on Sociology of Culture Refereed Roundtables”, 4 ago.
SCHMITTER, Phillippe. (1996), “Concluding remarks”. In: FRIEDMAN, S. & VILLIERS, R. D. (eds.), Poverty and social inequality: profile and policy options.Johannesburg, ZA, Centre for Policy Studies, pp. 357-362.
SEEKINGS, Jeremy & NATRASS, Nicoli. (2002), “Class, distribution and redistribution in post-apartheid South Africa”. Transformation, 50: 1-30.
SEIDMAN, Gay. (1994), Manufacturing militance: workers’ movements in Brazil and South Africa, 1970-1985. Berkeley, University of California Press.
SKRENTNY, John D. (1996), The ironies of affirmative action. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
SOWELL, Thomas. (1990), Preferential policies: an international perspective. Nova York, W. Morrow.
SOWELL, Thomas. (2004), Affirmative action around the world. New Haven, Yale University Press.
STRANG, David & CHANG, Patricia (1993), “The international labor organization and the Welfare State: institutional effects on national Welfare Spending, 1960-80”. International Organization, 47: 235-262.
SUBOTZKY, George. (2003), “South Africa”. In: TEFERRA, D. & ALTBACH, P. (eds.), African higher education: an international reference handbook,. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, pp. 545-562.
SWIDLER, Ann. (1986), “Culture in action: symbols and strategies”. American Sociological Review, 20: 305-309.
TELLES, Edward Eric. (2004), Race in another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
TELLES, Edward & BAILEY, Stanley. (2002), “Políticas contra o racismo e opinião pública: comparações entre Brasil e Estados Unidos”. Opinião Pública, 8: 30-39.
UNITED NATIONS. (2004), “Human development index report”. United Nations, Nova York, NY.
VAN DEN BERGUE, Servaas & LOUW, Megan. (2003), “Changing patterns of South African income distribution: towards time series estimates of distribution and poverty”. In: Conference of the Economic Society of South Africa, Stellembosch.
WANG, Bee-Lan Chan. (1983), “Positive discrimination in education: a comparative investigation of its bases, forms and outcomes”. Comparative Education Review, 27: 191-203.
WEBER, Max. (1946), “The social psychology of the world religions”. In: GERTH, H. & MILLS, C. (eds.), From Max Weber. Nova York, Oxford University Press.
WILLIAMSON, Jeffrey G. (1996), “Globalization, convergence, and history”. Journal of Economic History, 56: 277-306.
WOTIPKA, Christine & RAMIREZ, Francisco O. (2003), “World society and human rights: an event history analysis of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women”. Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Tempo Social
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
